Population Education 1 (8244/6573) Semester Spring, 2024
Level PGD/EPM
Migration can be driven by a multitude of factors, often categorized into "push" and "pull" factors. Here are some of the key causes:
Causes of Migration
Push Factors
1. Economic Hardship
Lack of job opportunities
Low wages
Economic instability
2. Political Factors
Political instability
Persecution or discrimination
War and conflict
3. Environmental Factors
Natural disasters (e.g., earthquakes, floods)
Environmental degradation
Climate change
4. Social Factors
Poor living conditions
Lack of healthcare and education
High crime rates
Pull Factors
1. Economic Opportunities
Availability of jobs
Higher wages
Better working conditions
2. Political Stability
Stable government
Political freedoms
Safety and security
3. Social Factors
Better living conditions
Access to quality healthcare and education
Presence of family and friends
4. Environmental Factors
Favorable climate
Clean environment
Measuring Migration
To measure migration, various methods and metrics are used:
1. Census Data
Population censuses often include questions on place of birth, current residence, and previous residences.
2. Surveys
Household surveys and labor force surveys can provide detailed data on migration patterns, reasons for migration, and demographic characteristics of migrants.
3. Administrative Records
Data from government agencies such as immigration, social security, and tax authorities can track movements of individuals.
4. Border Crossing Data
Records of entries and exits at borders can give insights into international migration flows.
5. International Databases
Organizations like the United Nations and the World Bank maintain databases on international migration statistics.
6. Remote Sensing and Geospatial Data
Satellite imagery and GIS technology can be used to observe population movements, especially in response to environmental changes.
Key Metrics for Measuring Migration
1. Migration Rate
The number of migrants per 1,000 population in a given period.
2. Net Migration Rate
The difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants per 1,000 population.
3. Total Migrant Stock
The total number of people living in a country other than where they were born.
4. Gross Migration
The total number of people who have migrated in or out of a region.
5. In-Migration and Out-Migration
The total number of people entering (in-migration) or leaving (out-migration) a specific area.
By combining these methods and metrics, researchers and policymakers can gain a comprehensive understanding of migration patterns, their causes, and their effects.
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